{"id":69903,"date":"2024-05-24T13:04:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-24T11:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/espores.org\/botanical-garden-uv\/la-fruita-mes-sucosa-la-magrana\/"},"modified":"2025-07-15T18:00:36","modified_gmt":"2025-07-15T16:00:36","slug":"the-juiciest-fruit-the-pomegranate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/espores.org\/en\/plants\/the-juiciest-fruit-the-pomegranate\/","title":{"rendered":"The juiciest fruit: the pomegranate"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pomegranate tree, <em>Punica granatum<\/em>, is a very interesting plant from an ethnobotanical point of view. Regarding its name, in the southern regions of Val\u00e8ncia, we normally use both <em>mangraner<\/em> and <em>mangrana<\/em>, with an epenthetic \u201cn\u201d added to the more etymological version of <em>magraner <\/em>(pomegranate tree) or <em>magrana<\/em> (pomegranate). Over the centuries, we have learned how to create bonds with this deciduous bush or tree that go beyond the purely agronomic. Bonds that have crystallized into a very broad cultural polyhedron in which, in addition to the botanical aspects, those of an ethnobotanical character are particularly relevant, such as pharmacology, agronomy, nutrition, biochemistry, cosmetics, basketry, fur fertilization, dyeing, ornamentation, history, mythology, religions, literature, plastic arts, linguistics, paremiology, symbology, heraldry, numismatics, vexillology (flags), children\u2019s games\u2026 and we will stop here because we don\u2019t want to tire the reader.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In origin, the pomegranate tree was a deciduous and spiny bush naturally distributed from the Caucasus to the Himalayas, and that produced an edible fruit, the pomegranate. Later, after perfectioning the agronomic techniques, cultivars of saplings with few spines and more accessible fruits were obtained. It must be said that these fruits are very rare within the plant world: a fruit with a leathery skin and a peculiar shape, a type of pouch that contains multiple seeds inside surrounded by a translucent and juicy pulp; arils with different gradations between sweet and sour, and colors that go from pale pink to bright red. They are grouped and compartmentalized by semi-transparent membranes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"794\" src=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Foto-1-7-1200x794.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-64210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-1-7-1200x794.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-1-7-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-1-7-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-1-7-1536x1016.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-1-7.jpg 1763w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An inner chromaticism so beautiful that it has even been used as a metaphor in such sensitive poems as the biblical \u201cCanticle of Canticles\u201d, in which the lover says to its beloved: \u201cYour cheeks are like grains of pomegranate\u201d (Canticle of Canticles, 4,3; 6,7), who, in response, whispered to its suitor \u201c\u2026 and I would give you to drink perfumed wine and the must of my pomegranates\u201d (Canticle. 8,2).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It took centuries of improvement by selection of larger and sweeter mutants, advances for which we have to thank the skilled Sumerian, Akkadian, Chaldean (Babylonian), Hindu and Egyptian farmers. And even the Assyrians (upper Mesopotamia), who associated the abundance of large pomegranate contents with their god of fertility, Rimon. A divinity that was later adopted as their own by the Syrians (between Anatolia and Arabia), Phoenicians and Canaanites, and that had its main sanctuary in Damascus, the capital of Syria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Phoenicians\u2019 love of pomegranates led them to spread their cultivation to the shores of the Mediterranean and, in particular, to one of their foundations, Carthage. And it was the Punics or Carthaginians, heirs of the Phoenicians of Tyre, who promoted and extraordinarily improved the cultivation of pomegranate trees under the leadership of one of the greatest agronomists of antiquity, Mag\u00f3 (3<sup>rd<\/sup> century BC). The exportation of pomegranates was one of the most lucrative activities of the Carthaginians to the extent that pomegranates were known everywhere as <em>malum punicum<\/em>, \u201cPunic apples\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pomegranate tree became so representative of Carthage that Scipio Africanus, after defeating Hannibal at Zama, planted a pomegranate tree in the Roman Quirinal to commemorate the battle. He did so in the temple dedicated to the god of war, Chiri (the equivalent of Mars), in the direction of which an avenue called <em>Via ad malum punicum<\/em> (currently <em>V\u00eda delle Quattro Fontane<\/em>) was opened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As for our our home, we know that it is a very old cultivation in the Valencian midlands, in the region of the <em>Baix Vinalop\u00f3<\/em>. In fact, at the archaeological site of<em> l\u2019Alc\u00fadia<\/em> (the same one where the <em>Dama d\u2019Elx<\/em> was found), charred pomegranates from the 1<sup>st<\/sup> century BC have been discovered, as well as pottery from the late Iberian period (2<sup>nd<\/sup> \u2013 4<sup>th<\/sup> century BC) with pomegranate engravings, which are easy to identify due to the peculiar morphology of the fruit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Centuries later, Muslims also developed a special love for pomegranates and pomegranate trees, prefigurations of paradise or Jannah, in which \u201cthere will be fruit, palm trees and pomegranate trees\u201d (Sura 55,68, Quran:). Accordingly, Andalusian agronomists strove to obtain pomegranates of the best quality, as is evident in the \u201cTreatise on Agriculture\u201d by the Sevillian al-Awam (12<sup>th<\/sup> \u2013 13<sup>th<\/sup> century), or by studying ancient Andalusian gardens, or by visiting the current Moroccan ones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Foto-2-8-1200x900.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-64216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-2-8-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-2-8-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-2-8-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-2-8-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Foto-2-8.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pomegranate trees in the <em>Camp d\u2019Elx<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some gardens and orchards that encouraged all types of agronomic experiments, some of which we inherited in our more southern lands with varieties. For example the <em>albar<\/em>, edible although it is slightly more sour than sweet; the <em>sweet albar<\/em>, with big and very sweet grains; the <em>agria<\/em>, small, with a reddish skin and a sour taste; the <em>precious<\/em>, large, red, sour and with seeds, which ripens late; the <em>tendral<\/em>, the best quality, with big grains, small seeds and a lot of juice, even though its rind is so thin that it is marked at the slightest blow; the <em>pinyolenca<\/em>, with more stone than aril; and the <em>Sacaries<\/em>, small and very sweet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The varieties that escape from cultivation, those naturalized by the margins of irrigation ditches and canals, deserve a separate chapter. In this cases they tend to recover their original aspect, bushy and spiny, with smaller pomegranates, with grains that are not too red, less juicy and with an acidic taste. In our case, in <em>Elx<\/em> (<em>Baix Vinalop\u00f3, Pa\u00eds Valenci\u00e0<\/em>), these wild specimens are called \u201c<em>salleiers<\/em>\u201d or \u201c<em>de sallei<\/em>\u201d, referring to the expression \u201c<em>de sa llei<\/em>\u201d, in the sense that \u201cthey go their own way\u201d, without anyone cultivating them. And, above all, the icon of the <em>Elx<\/em> countryside, also widely cultivated in the neighboring regions of <em>l\u2019Alacant\u00ed<\/em> and <em>Baix Segura<\/em>, being the most produced variety in the whole country and the most exported one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And all these varieties go together with another \u201cpomegranate\u201d, now symbolic, the one of the <em>Misteri d\u2019Elx<\/em>: an articulated \u201ccloud\u201d that opens in gallons and descends in order to gather and ascend to heaven in body and soul (Assumption) to crown the recently dead Virgin Mary. The sacred drama, the <em>Misteri d\u2019Elx<\/em>, is performed on 14<sup>th<\/sup> and 15<sup>th<\/sup> August; it is the only one medieval technique performed for more than five hundred years, and has been declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"696\" height=\"522\" src=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/elche-misteri-fiesta-696x522-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-64223\" style=\"width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/elche-misteri-fiesta-696x522-1.jpg 696w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/elche-misteri-fiesta-696x522-1-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><br>The \u201cpomegranate\u201d of the <em>Misteri d\u2019Elx<\/em>, opening with the angel descending from heaven. \/ spania.no<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Of the organoleptic characteristics of the \u201c<em>mollar<\/em>\u201d it is worth highlighting the well-balanced sweetness, a stone so soft that you can barely notice it, and its external color, which varies from cream to bright red (depending on the exposure to sunlight that the fruit had on the tree). However, it is not the most cultivated internationally, since the tastes for other types of pomegranates differ considerably from one country to another: in Mediterranean countries and part of Europe, the \u201csweet\u201d varieties are preferred as dessert fruits. But in English-speaking, Central European and Scandinavian countries, they prefer the more sour or bittersweet ones for salads, juices and refreshing drinks. For example, grenadine, a very nice and refreshing syrup, which is also useful to treat sore throats. As a result, of the more than five hundred varieties that exist, the most cultivated in the world is the <em>wonderful<\/em>, acid, with a more marked stone and a bright red color, both the inner arils and the outer cover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103403.748-1200x578.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-64226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103403.748-1200x578.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103403.748-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103403.748-768x370.jpg 768w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103403.748-1536x740.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103403.748-2048x987.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Street market in the souk of Marrakesh and pomegranate tea (Turkey). Vicent Oncina Climent<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So, let\u2019s enjoy the pomegranates, of course. But also everything that humans have been able to create inspired by them. From the cultivations of pomegranates, to sublime poetry and, obviously, pictorial works like these two with which we close this article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103709.647-1200x460.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-64229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103709.647-1200x460.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103709.647-300x115.jpg 300w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103709.647-768x294.jpg 768w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103709.647-1536x589.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-2024-02-23T103709.647-2048x785.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Left, \u201c<em>Bodeg\u00f3n con granadas<\/em>\u201d (mid-16<sup>th<\/sup> century) by Antonio Ponce. Prado museum. Right, \u201c<em>Bodeg\u00f3n con granadas, manzanas, acerolas y uvas en un paisaje<\/em>\u201d (1771), by Luis Egidio Melendez. \/ museodelprado.es<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The palatal enjoyment of fruits, as well as the poetic and pictorial ones, consciously understood, are also part of ethnobotany. Of an affective ethnobotany that we also need to revindicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This article was written with Vicent Oncina Climent, an agricultural engineer from the Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of <em>Elx<\/em>, who dedicated his final year project to the cultivation of pomegranate trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Resources and additional information<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>References<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Painting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.museodelprado.es\/coleccion\/obra-de-arte\/granadas\/b6d7f090-14e8-4636-aa22-9f466a6a6e94\">\u201cBodeg\u00f3n con granadas\u201d<\/a><br>Painting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.museodelprado.es\/coleccion\/obra-de-arte\/bodegon-con-granadas-manzanas-acerolas-y-uvas-en\/b5f6ee88-0d2e-4f21-95d0-38cdb082da74\">\u201cBodeg\u00f3n con granadas, Manzanas, acerolas y uvas en un paisaje\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>V\u00eddeos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=l-md8foF8AI&amp;t=4s\">UPUA mangraner, Hades, Pers\u00e8fone 131018<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mm5tHUGjF4k\">La Vila, passeig Amad\u00f2rio, mangrana, Hades, Pers\u00e8fone<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QzMUplQgTZk&amp;t=16s\">Daniel, mangrana, Proserpina o Pers\u00e8fone.<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9F1kzgUM7Xs\"><u>Etnobot\u00e0nica infantil. Simular fumar amb pipes fetes de mangrana.<\/u> <u>Jocs infantils. Daniel Climent<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>Recommended bibliography (in chronological order)<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Font Quer, P. 1978. Plantas medicinales. El Diosc\u00f3rides renovado. Labor. Barcelona.<br>Climent, D. 1985.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/obra\/les-nostres-plantes-989064\/\"> Les nostres plantes <\/a>[comarques meridionals valencianes]. Institut d\u2019Estudis Juan Gil Albert. Diputaci\u00f3 d\u2019Alacant.<br>Climent, D. 1992. Les nostres plantes. Una aproximaci\u00f3 multidisciplinar al m\u00f3n vegetal de les nostres terres [Pa\u00efsos Catalans]. Editorial Aguaclara. Alacant.<br>Melgarejo, P. &amp; Mart\u00ednez, R. El granado. 1992. Ediciones Mundi-prensa.<br>Zurriaga, F. &amp; Climent, D. 2012. Herbari. Viure amb les plantes. Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"383\" src=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/Diseno-sin-titulo-11-5-1200x383.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-64183\" style=\"width:284px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-11-5-1200x383.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-11-5-300x96.jpg 300w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-11-5-768x245.jpg 768w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-11-5-1536x490.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/espores.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Diseno-sin-titulo-11-5-2048x653.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The pomegranate tree, Punica granatum, is a very interesting plant from an ethnobotanical point of view. Regarding its name, in the southern regions of Val\u00e8ncia, we normally use both mangraner and mangrana, with an epenthetic \u201cn\u201d added to the more etymological version of magraner (pomegranate tree) or magrana (pomegranate). Over the centuries, we have learned [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":146,"featured_media":64389,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7288,7260],"tags":[7649],"coauthors":[5821],"class_list":["post-69903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethnobotany","category-plants","tag-articlesdedanielcliment-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The juiciest fruit: the pomegranate | Espores<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/en\/plants\/the-juiciest-fruit-the-pomegranate\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The juiciest fruit: the pomegranate | Espores\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The pomegranate tree, Punica granatum, is a very interesting plant from an ethnobotanical point of view. Regarding its name, in the southern regions of Val\u00e8ncia, we normally use both mangraner and mangrana, with an epenthetic \u201cn\u201d added to the more etymological version of magraner (pomegranate tree) or magrana (pomegranate). 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