{"id":55036,"date":"2020-01-16T14:48:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T12:48:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/espores.org\/?p=55036"},"modified":"2023-06-27T12:49:52","modified_gmt":"2023-06-27T10:49:52","slug":"a-model-plant-biography-arabidopsis-thaliana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/espores.org\/en\/research\/a-model-plant-biography-arabidopsis-thaliana\/","title":{"rendered":"A model plant biography: \u2018Arabidopsis thaliana\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em> (L.) Heynh is a simple angiosperm plant, vascular and dicotyledonous, belonging to the family of <em>Brassicaceae<\/em>. Despite being native to Eurasia and North Africa, it is currently present in different regions of the northern hemisphere. Although it is related to other important plants, such as cabbage and white mustard, <em>A. thaliana<\/em> is a field plant not standing out at first sight. It is small, the leaves at the base have a rosette arrangement, and it has an elongated and simple stem. Furthermore, it does not have striking flowers of bright colors or voluptuous size, nor edible fruits. It is considered a brush that grows where it can with little impact on ecosystems. As for its use, it has no economic interest for humans, either in agriculture or as an ornamental plant.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/FOTOS_ESPORES\/INVESTIGACIO\u0301N\/arabidopsis\/ARABIDOPSIS-DETALLES.jpg\" alt=\"ARABIDOPSIS DETALLES\" width=\"590\" height=\"387\"> <span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">&nbsp;On the left, the basal rosette of a <em>Arabidopsis thaliana <\/em>detail on the right, the whole plant. \/ Pere Barnola, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.floracatalana.net\/arabidopsis-thaliana-l-heynh-in-holl-et-heynh-\">www.floracatalana.net<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Yes, it\u2019s not a great presentation. So, why do we dedicate it an article? Because the role of <em>A. thaliana<\/em> was destined to stand out in some other areas. It is the most important plant in the plant biology research world since it is the reference model for all kinds of research. A model organism serves to understand how living beings work, therefore, any organism could serve. But only those that, thanks to certain characteristics, facilitate the research work are chosen.<\/p>\n<p>What made <em>A. thaliana<\/em> finally become a model plant? The number of advantages and what they allow to do are the secret. Thus, all kinds of research can be carried out under this model, of which the physiological functioning is known to the millimeter \u2013either to investigate metabolic pathways or certain genes&#8217; action, functioning, or transformation. The result obtained will then be transferred to those organisms in which such result is needed to be applied or checked.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>The leap to fame<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <em>A. thaliana<\/em> was discovered in the 16th century by the German Johames Thal in the Harz mountains, he named it Pilosella siliquosa. As usually happens in taxonomy, some time later the plant was changed to its current name, as a tribute to its discoverer. The truth is that this species went unnoticed until 1943, when Friederich Laibach looked at it as an object of study, discovering its five chromosomes. Furthermore, he argued that the plant was hiding a great potential for mutants\u2019 study. Idea that was not supported by his colleagues at the time just because the chromosomes were too small to be seen under the microscope.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/FOTOS_ESPORES\/INVESTIGACIO\u0301N\/arabidopsis\/45449610645_19512fa24a_k.jpg\" alt=\"45449610645 19512fa24a k\" width=\"590\" height=\"394\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em> plants under observation within the growth chamber of NASA\u2019s Advanced Plant Habitat Flight Unit (APH) No. 1, prior to harvesting half of the plants \/ Original NASA photo. Digitized by <a class=\"owner-name truncate\" title=\"Ir a la galer\u00eda de Rawpixel Ltd\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/vintage_illustration\/\" data-track=\"attributionNameClick\">Rawpixel Ltd<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>However, it was the first step in order to considering the plant as a potential model organism candidate. In the following decades, symposiums were held with <em>A. thaliana<\/em> as the main protagonist, organized by research groups that advocate its importance. But, since the path is often not easy, these symposiums were not very important. To perceive some changes in this sense, we have to travel back to the 80s, when it began to have popularity among the laboratories of plant biology. It is true that at that time there were other candidates destined to be model organisms \u2013because of their greater influence on agriculture, such as the corn or the tobacco plant\u2013, but finally our protagonist was the one who would get established as a model organism \u2013thanks to certain advantages that made it more attractive, as we have already said.<\/p>\n<h2><em>A. thaliana&nbsp;<\/em>qualities<\/h2>\n<p>What were the aspects making it so attractive to researchers? Let\u2019s start with its functionality. It is a very small plant, which makes it easier to raise it in the laboratory no taking up so much space. Furthermore, it is simple to germinate on Petri dishes. On the other hand, it has short life cycles of about one year, and, in the laboratory, they can be shortened to six weeks, which means many generations can be obtained in a short time. More advantages? Its ability to self-fertilize helps in recessive genes studies. Finally, it can also produce a lot of seeds. In short: short life cycles able to generate thousands of individuals and occupying little space in laboratories, what more can you ask for?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/FOTOS_ESPORES\/INVESTIGACIO\u0301N\/arabidopsis\/21881605905_69ad26b2dd_h.jpg\" alt=\"21881605905 69ad26b2dd h\" width=\"590\" height=\"393\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em>A. thaliana&nbsp;<\/em>germination \/&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/inra_dist\/21881605905\/in\/photostream\/\">INRA, Jean Weber<\/a>&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We can still ask for more. This organism&#8217;s most important characteristics are on the inside, in the genes. On the one hand, it has one of the smallest genomes existing in the plant world, with only about 135 million base pairs in five chromosomes. On the other hand, it is composed of 85% coding genes, something uncommon and an important advantage when identifying and locating genes among the DNA \u2013since it is not necessary to poke around irrelevant genetic material. But, the most decisive characteristic in choosing <em>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em> as an ideal candidate was the facility it has to transform its genes or add new ones using plasmids by DNA transfers with bacterium <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens<\/em>\u2019 help. Thanks to this, mutants could be generated and the function of numerous genes could be detected. Expressing it briefly, the key point that allowed to bring <em>A. thaliana<\/em> to fame was its few genes and the facility to modify them.<\/p>\n<p>To conclude, it should be added that in 2000 its genome complete sequence was obtained thanks to a research project called AGI (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative) joined by different research groups around the world. It became the first plant, and the third pluricellular organism, with sequenced genome (the first were <em>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/em> and <em>Drosophila melanogaster<\/em>). Currently, studies about it are still ongoing. It plays an important role in the investigation of pathogens, metabolic pathways, biochemical compounds, as much as in the new genes functioning investigation for more efficient crops \u2013all in order to better know plants. This model still has a long way to walk in the plant biology world.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh is a simple angiosperm plant, vascular and dicotyledonous, belonging to the family of Brassicaceae. Despite being native to Eurasia and North Africa, it is currently present in different regions of the northern hemisphere. Although it is related to other important plants, such as cabbage and white mustard, A. thaliana is a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":275,"featured_media":54654,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7260,7256],"tags":[7258],"coauthors":[5529],"class_list":["post-55036","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-plants","category-research","tag-setmana-de-la-ciencia-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>A model plant biography: \u2018Arabidopsis thaliana\u2019 | Espores<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/espores.org\/en\/research\/a-model-plant-biography-arabidopsis-thaliana\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A model plant biography: \u2018Arabidopsis thaliana\u2019 | Espores\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh is a simple angiosperm plant, vascular and dicotyledonous, belonging to the family of Brassicaceae. Despite being native to Eurasia and North Africa, it is currently present in different regions of the northern hemisphere. 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